The Dynamics Of Islamic Civilization During The Appointment Process Of Caliph Umar Bin Khattab

Abstract

This study discusses the dynamics of Islamic civilization during the process of the appointment of Caliph Umar ibn Khattab and the influence of his leadership on the political, social, and administrative development of Islamic governance. The focus of the research is directed toward the succession process of Islamic leadership after the death of Abu Bakr al-Shiddiq and Umar ibn Khattab’s contribution in establishing a more structured Islamic governmental system. This research employed a qualitative method with a library research approach through the examination of various scientific sources, including national and international journals, Scopus-indexed articles, books on Islamic civilization history, and other academic references relevant to the research topic. The data analysis technique was conducted descriptively and qualitatively using a historical approach to understand the socio-political dynamics and the development of Islamic civilization during the reign of Umar ibn Khattab. The results of the study indicate that the appointment process of Umar ibn Khattab as the second caliph was carried out through a deliberative mechanism reflecting the principle of shūrā in the early Islamic political system. The appointment became an important momentum in maintaining the stability of the Muslim community while strengthening the foundation of Islamic governance after the death of Abu Bakr al-Shiddiq. Furthermore, Umar ibn Khattab’s leadership had a significant influence on the development of Islamic civilization through the establishment of state administrative systems, the management of baitul māl, the division of governmental territories, the strengthening of legal systems, and social policies oriented toward public welfare. During his reign, the Islamic territory expanded widely to include Persia, Syria, Egypt, and parts of the Eastern Roman Empire, which contributed to political, economic, social, and intellectual advancement within Islamic civilization. Therefore, the era of Umar ibn Khattab’s leadership became one of the most important periods in the history of Islamic civilization because it successfully laid the foundations of a just, systematic, and welfare-oriented Islamic government.